Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, has become the most significant conflict in Europe since the Second World War. The ensuing humanitarian crisis remains deeply concerning, with the lives of ordinary Ukrainians immeasurably disrupted.

The invasion itself was the catalyst for substantial economic and financial market upheaval in Europe and beyond. With the conflict entering a second year, we examine its impact on the economies of Ukraine, Russia, and Europe, as well as implications for energy and other commodities.

Ukraine—Economic Toll Makes Deep Debt Haircuts Likely

Ukraine’s wartime economy continues to face significant challenges, with gross domestic product (GDP)¹ estimated to have shrunk by more than 30% in 2022. With continued attacks on infrastructure and power shortages, we expect economic activity to contract again this year, albeit at a low‑single‑digit rate. Meanwhile, although the budget deficit is expected to remain large, strong external support from Western governments and the International Monetary Fund is likely. This should help to plug the financing gap, which in turn should help to reduce reliance on monetary financing in 2023.

"Ukraine’s wartime economy continues to face significant challenges…."
— Razan Nasser, Credit Analyst

Given the immense pressure on Ukraine, external creditors agreed to a two‑year standstill on its sovereign debt in August. We believe that this will likely be the first step of the restructuring, with a deep haircut on the debt likely. It is difficult to predict the size of this debt reduction as it depends on the state of the Ukrainian economy at the time the restructuring is agreed. There will also be a political decision to be made about how much private creditors should share in the reconstruction cost.

The damage to infrastructure has been huge so far. When this war does eventually end, the scale of the reconstruction and recovery effort is likely to eclipse anything Europe has seen since World War II.

Russia—Sanctions Starting to Hurt

Deep and wide‑ranging sanctions have caused Russia’s economy to weaken considerably, with a contraction of around 3% anticipated for 2022. This year we expect further weakness, and we anticipate Russia’s economy will likely settle at a meaningfully lower level of growth over the long term. Iran is a useful comparison here as it has faced similar heavy sanctions from the U.S., which led to nominal GDP² shrinking from around USD 644 billion in 2012 to an estimated USD 240 billion in 2020. This illustrates how painful sanctions can be if imposed over an extended period. However, it is important to note that as Russia is a large exporter of oil and gas, it will be more difficult to close off its economy from the rest of the world.

"…Russia’s economy will likely settle at a meaningfully lower level of growth over the long term."
— Peter Botoucharov, Credit Analyst

Europe—Energy Crisis Averted, but Challenges Lie Ahead

The eurozone economy has weakened but not as deeply as feared immediately after Russia invaded Ukraine. An energy crisis has been so far avoided as European countries largely succeeded in filling their gas storage facilities before the winter. This, combined with the mild winter, has helped wholesale gas prices come down meaningfully from their 2022 peaks. While this is encouraging, however, Europe’s transition from Russian gas remains a major challenge for 2023 and beyond, so it would be a mistake to assume the energy crisis is over. In many ways, it is only just beginning.

Europe’s gas infrastructure was set up to receive imports from Russia through pipelines, and it will require time and money to change this. Imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the U.S. and Qatar offer a potential alternative, but it is unlikely there will be enough supply to meet Europe’s demand beyond the short term. There is also limited capacity in Europe to process LNG imports, and while there are plans to build new processing infrastructure, this will likely take several years to complete. In the long term, renewables will replace Russian imports as a key supplier of Europe’s energy needs—but it will take many years to build the required infrastructure to achieve this.

Against this backdrop, we believe that European countries are likely to continue to face challenges to obtain enough fossil fuels to meet demand in the winter of 2023 to 2024 and beyond. This could mean higher prices, which will likely require governments to continue subsidizing energy bills. We believe that this may weigh on growth and possibly tilt the bloc into recession later this year, particularly as the European Central Bank is expected to start quantitative tightening soon.

Commodities—Grain Prices Have Eased, but Risks Remain

In line with other commodities, grain prices have eased from their highs thanks to bumper crop supply and the grain deal struck between Ukraine and Russia. This may only be short‑term relief, however, as the deal needs to be renewed in March. A failure to extend the deal could lead to a rise in food prices, which could put pressure on lower‑income countries. Furthermore, Ukrainian farmers—who have been a key provider of wheat and other grains to emerging markets—have been hit hard since the war broke out, and their output is likely to fall meaningfully. Combined, these factors—plus the additional price pressures coming from less availability and higher prices of fertilizers—underline how precarious the situation is and reinforce the likelihood that we will live in a world of tight commodity markets for some time.

This tightness creates potential economic challenges and headwinds for global growth. Throughout 2022, growth was slow, which took demand pressure off commodity prices. But when the world economy does eventually rebound, so too will demand for commodities, and prices will likely rise as a result. This could feed through into higher inflation, which may weaken household purchasing power and weigh on growth. Although financial markets appear to have settled into living with this war, ongoing growth headwinds will likely persist.

With no clear path toward de‑escalation, the war is likely to grind on with ongoing implications for the economy and commodity markets. We expect Ukraine’s economy will continue to face significant challenges, and a large debt restructuring looks likely in the future. For Russia, sanctions are taking their toll and should continue to undermine growth for some time. While warmer weather has helped the eurozone economy perform better than expected and avoid an energy crisis, challenges lie ahead on this front and a recession at some point this year is a real possibility. Meanwhile, notwithstanding the vast economic burden, the physical toll of war remains a distressing reality for the people of Ukraine.