The eurozone has been hit by a series of large macroeconomic shocks, but European Central Bank (ECB) policymakers—encouraged by real economy data—expect the currency bloc to grow by 0.5% in 2023. I disagree. As I see it, the combination of supply chain distortions, an energy price shock, a historic decline in real wages, and rapid monetary tightening will likely cause the eurozone economy to contract by around 1%.

"The current slowdown in the eurozone began with supply chain distortions...."

The current slowdown in the eurozone began with supply chain distortions that arose from the coronavirus pandemic. A shortage of semiconductors then made the production of sophisticated manufacturing goods progressively harder. Containers got stuck in the wrong places, raising the costs of shipment across the world fivefold and significantly lengthened delivery of crucial subcomponents, weighing on supply chains.

The rise in gas prices since mid‑2021 exacerbated the supply problem as swathes of European industry rely on reliable and cheap energy provision. Finally, the war in Ukraine and the associated gas price movements last summer led to an unprecedented energy price shock in the eurozone.

These supply shocks alone would normally be sufficient to trigger a mild or technical recession (Figure 1)—but they also had important consequences for demand in the eurozone. The energy price shock and pent‑up demand for certain services caused inflation to spike—and wages have struggled to keep up. As a result, eurozone household wages are now shrinking at the fastest pace on record. Although some households built up a savings buffer during the pandemic, this was unequally distributed, which means that the net effect of lower disposable incomes is likely a decline in consumption.

At the same time, the ECB has begun to tighten monetary policy in response to higher inflation by raising the deposit rate at the fastest pace since the beginning of the eurozone. The latest ECB survey of lenders implies that credit conditions for households have already tightened more than they did during the eurozone debt crisis. Monetary conditions in the eurozone are tightening rapidly, and it is likely that European manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) will continue to decline over the next six months.

Consumer confidence is even weaker than PMI, which suggests that falling demand from lower disposable incomes and monetary tightening will appear in the data in the next three to six months (Figure 2). These additional adverse developments will likely exacerbate the energy price shock and push the eurozone into a sizable recession.

Despite this, ECB policymakers are confident that the coming recession will only be mild. There are several reasons for this. Supply chains, for example, are normalizing faster than expected. This led to stronger‑than‑expected car and industrial production in the third quarter. Energy prices have fallen rapidly, which has boosted consumer and business confidence. At the same time, real economy data have proven to be more resilient than anticipated.

"...surveys suggest that the strength of domestic demand is only temporary."

The main contributor to eurozone growth in the third quarter was domestic demand, which more than offset the negative impact of weak exports. However, surveys suggest that the strength of domestic demand is only temporary. Although lower energy prices may support a bounce in confidence and activity in the short term, mainly because of better‑than‑expected weather, the long‑term economic challenge of higher gas prices remains. The ECB has recently indicated that it will continue to raise rates at 50bps increments, leading to the biggest policy tightening since the launch of the euro. This will negatively effect domestic demand going forward.

A European Commission survey of manufacturing competitiveness in the eurozone has predicted a 25% decline in export growth over the next few quarters. Importantly, on the external demand side, manufacturing and services PMIs in the U.S., one of the largest eurozone trading partners, have now clearly entered recession territory. Uncertainties about the evolution of China’s zero‑COVID policies also pose a significant risk to external eurozone demand. It is possible that a rapid reopening of China’s economy will prove very economically disruptive in the short term. I believe these adverse external factors will add to weak domestic demand, resulting in a deeper eurozone recession than expected.

This view has important market implications. The ECB’s unwavering commitment to tightening policy in the short term means that it will likely hike into a recession—and potentially deliver on the aggressive hiking path priced into markets today. However, the ECB will likely not be able to maintain such a tight policy for very long, which suggests that markets need to price in more cuts. Over the next few months, we believe the 10‑year Bund may rise as a result of a rise in the 2‑year rate due to the ECB’s tightening. After that, we believe that expectations of rate cuts will be priced in as the real economy weakens. At that point, the two‑year yield will likely decline. The 10‑year yield will likely decline as well, but by less than the two‑year, leading to yield curve steepening. In this scenario, the euro would likely weaken against the U.S. dollar, owing to the eurozone’s weaker economy and expectations of future ECB monetary easing relative to the U.S.