Samy Muaddi recently marked his three‑year anniversary as lead manager of the T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Bond Fund (“the fund”). We discuss how he has managed the fund through an unprecedented period for both emerging markets and fixed income more broadly. He talks about the successes and the lessons learned, describes his investment process, and emphasizes the importance of prudent risk management in the emerging market space.

Q. How would you describe your first three years as lead portfolio manager?

It has been quite a roller coaster—managing through a global pandemic, the outbreak of war in Ukraine, and central banks unleashing aggressive hiking cycles to respond to multi‑decade high inflation. The developments have brought about huge changes in markets—the 10‑year U.S. Treasury yield was only 0.66% when I took over, but it was yielding over five times that level at around 3.84% on my three‑year anniversary.¹ In emerging markets (EM), it’s a similar story—bond yields have risen considerably. Then there’s Russia, which has gone from trading with a credit spread above 100 basis points to having its entire market sanctioned to the point of residual value.²

It’s unsurprising that these multiple crosscurrents have weighed on the overall performance of the sector. But I’m proud that the fund outperformed its benchmark index during such a challenging period.³ Outperforming when markets are rising is typically “easier,” but mitigating loss when markets are falling is what separates managers. I’m pleased that we have been able to do that for our clients during such challenging circumstances.

Q. What have been your biggest investment successes? What have been your mistakes, and what lessons have you learned?

EM risk is not evenly distributed, so it’s important to get the big calls right. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 was the catalyst for substantial economic and financial market stress that reshaped the EM investing sphere. The onset of heavy Western sanctions resulted in the collapse in value of Russian government and quasi‑government bonds. Thanks to our research platform, we were able to help mitigate the impact for our clients, which is something I’m very proud of. How did we do this? In the final quarter of 2021, our dedicated research analysts for the region flagged that Russian rhetoric was becoming more aggressive and that the tail risk of military escalation was rising. In response, we reduced Russian exposure across our EM debt portfolios in the months prior to the invasion.

Our research platform also benefited the fund in other areas. We identified credit upgrade stories, such as Angola and Oman, early. We also identified areas of deterioration and potential for a rating downgrade such as Ghana, which went into default in late 2022.

Not everything has gone right, so it’s been important to recognize that and learn. A contrarian view on China property implemented during the fourth quarter of 2021 and first quarter of 2022 was a bad call that weighed on performance. But our risk management approach helped mitigate the extent of losses, underscoring the importance of a disciplined risk framework.

"At the heart of our process is fundamental research and active involvement in the full emerging markets opportunity set."

Q. How would you describe your investment process and style?

At the heart of our process is fundamental research and active involvement in the full emerging markets opportunity set. Emerging markets remain one of the last plentiful sources of pricing inefficiencies in the financial world. Dispersion of asset prices, lack of transparency, information gaps, illiquidity, and other technical factors can cause significant valuation anomalies for us, as active investment managers, to potentially exploit. We believe that our long‑term focus and extensive research resources that integrate our proprietary corporate; sovereign; equity; and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) analysis allows for the early identification of countries with the greatest long‑term potential for rerating and outperformance, as well as those countries with deteriorating credit profiles or increased risks due to ESG considerations. This research is used to build a portfolio that balances conviction, flexibility, and risk‑awareness.

Q. Can you tell me more about your risk management approach?

Risk management is critical. I have evolved our approach in three distinct ways during my tenure. First, the implementation of a position‑sizing framework to help with diversification and the balancing of risk exposures. This means the portfolio does not become overly concentrated in riskier segments of the market such as distressed debt and frontier markets.

Second, we have an anchoring framework to assess which countries meet the distressed threshold. This country‑specific debt sustainability analysis evaluates four interrelated components (fiscal; external; social, political, and institutional; and contingent assets and liabilities). Each represents a potential anchor to market confidence and access to capital markets throughout an economic cycle. (Readers can learn more in “Foundations of Emerging Market Bond Investing” published in May 2023.)

Third, we developed a 4D risk management process in collaboration with our credit and quantitative teams. This looks at four key dimensions of portfolio risk: linear risk (Are positions appropriately sized to reach expected return targets?); tail risk awareness (How resilient are the portfolio and specific positions to unexpected market or exogenous shocks?); portfolio fit (Does the mix of positions lead to a well‑diversified portfolio?); and market efficiency (When should the size of our active positions be increased?).

"Risk management is ingrained in every step of my investment process, from bottom‑up fundamental research to position sizing and the incorporation of custom‑built quantitative models that provide holistic analysis of risk."

Risk management is ingrained in every step of my investment process, from bottom‑up fundamental research to position sizing and the incorporation of custom‑built quantitative models that provide holistic analysis of risk. Even once a position is implemented, we continue to monitor for risks as circumstances can change quickly in emerging markets.

Q. How do you see the market environment for emerging market debt going forward?

Emerging markets are going through their greatest period of debt distress since the 1990s. The cycle is not over—I anticipate more sovereign defaults, with recoveries potentially below the historical average. This is a consequence of three issues: first, a narrow group of developing countries losing market access due to monetary or fiscal policy errors; second, these errors are occurring at a time of aggressive tightening in financial conditions; and third, untested policy architecture is slowing the adoption of sustainable, multilateral supported solutions.

However, we have been here before. The concept of creative‑destructive tells us that the best policies can be formed as a result of stress. This happened in the 1990s when we had the Asian financial crisis and the Russian default. This was followed by a five‑year period of reform that set off a 20‑year boom in emerging markets. So, it may take time for distressed emerging market countries to work through their issues, but we are optimistic for reforms and better policies.