The Inflation Battle May Not Be Over

In June 2022, the U.S. CPI reading reached a whopping 8.93%, a number that left many consumers; investors; and, most notably, the U.S. Federal Reserve very concerned. But over the subsequent 12 months, inflation went on a steady march downward, with CPI ending June of this year at 3.09%. And while the last two readings have been higher, many analysts have noted that core CPI, which excludes the volatile food and energy categories, has continued to trend lower.

As a result, concern about inflation is fading—which has led some investors to conclude that the Fed is done hiking interest rates and will soon be in cutting mode.

We are not so sure.

Short-Term Trends

CPI is typically reported on a year-over-year basis. The August report of 3.71% means that the consumer price index was 3.71% higher than it was a year ago. This helps remove seasonal effects from the number and also makes it less influenced by short-term moves that may prove temporary.

However, the short-term moves may offer more information about the current state of inflation than the year-over-year number, especially at inflection points. One effective way to examine short-term trends without putting too much weight on one individual reading is to calculate the three-month moving average of CPI, instead of the year-over-year number.

When we do this, we can see that the current inflationary trends are not quite as encouraging. In fact, between July and August, the three-month moving average rose from 1.90% to 3.98%.

Shelter Remains a Source of Disinflation

The good news is that, even when viewed through this shorter-term lens, the shelter category remains on a steady downward trend. This is important because the shelter category makes up a very large portion of the CPI basket—accounting for 34% of CPI as of August 2023. We can also take comfort in the fact that the forward-looking indicators point to this trend continuing over the rest of the year.

But Other Trends Are Concerning

Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for other categories, all of which could be facing upward pressure in the near to medium term. The most concerning category is energy, which has recently taken a sharp turn upward. In August, the contribution to CPI from energy ended a 12-month-long negative streak, as it spiked from -0.76% to +1.97%.

And this trend looks likely to continue. Not only have oil prices climbed sharply since July, but the global supply response to higher oil prices has been surprisingly modest, as evidenced by the decrease in rig counts over the past year. Meanwhile, oil inventories have been falling rapidly, with U.S. inventories now at low levels. In fact, when the decrease in the strategic petroleum reserve is included, U.S. oil inventory is at a level not seen since the 1980s. There are also early indications that oil productivity levels in the U.S. have peaked after increasing for more than a decade.

Conclusion

The steady decrease in CPI readings may be coming to an end. Going forward, we are set up for a tug of war between easing shelter prices and rising prices in other categories—particularly energy. This is likely to put pressure on the Fed to keep rates at elevated levels for longer than many investors may be expecting.

As a result, our Asset Allocation Committee has recently increased its position in real assets, which includes a large allocation to energy-related equities, while also decreasing the allocation to long-term U.S. Treasury Bonds, which could suffer if interest rates remain higher for longer.

January 2020 through August 2023.
Past results are not a reliable indicator of future results.
Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics/Haver Analytics. Bloomberg Finance L.P.
*Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the monthly change in prices paid by consumers and is a widely used measure of inflation.
A moving average is a statistic that captures the average change in a data series over time.

September 15, 2018, through September 15, 2023.
Source: Bloomberg Finance L.P.