Georgia Leading the Way on Governance
Executive Summary
- Robust fundamentals are supportive for Georgia’s dollar‑sovereign debt.
- Technical factors are positive as it is unlikely that the Georgian government will issue any more external bonds in 2019.
- Georgia has a strong track record of prudent macroeconomic policies, structural reforms, and an improving business environment.
Georgia has shown one of the biggest improvements in governance over the past two decades. The 2003 Rose Revolution, which saw the peaceful, pro‑Western change of power in Georgia, was the catalyst for the start of a heavy reform agenda in the country that continues to this day. At T. Rowe Price, our analysts have been monitoring Georgia’s progress and have carried out several on‑the‑ground research trips to see firsthand how wide‑reaching reforms have helped to improve the country’s governance and business environment.
Timeline of Key Events in Georgia
As of November 30, 2019
In the case of Georgia, significant progress has been made in terms of controlling corruption and improving the business environment.
(Fig. 1) Georgia Overtakes EM Peers in Control of Corruption
Control of corruption*—Georgia vs. emerging markets peers, 2000 to 2017
As of December 31, 2017
Source: World Bank. Analysis by T. Rowe Price.
* World Bank: Reflects perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as “capture” of the state by elites and private interests.
† A World Bank Indicator that ranges from 2.5 for strong governance performance to -2.5 for weak governance performance.
Fighting Corruption and Simplifying the Tax System
Following the Rose Revolution, one of the first areas the government tackled was corruption. The authorities took a zero‑tolerance approach, and to show their intent, a number of high‑level officials suspected of corruption were dismissed. This anti‑corruption fight came at a similar time to the government’s overhaul of the tax system. Loopholes were closed, and a new, simple code was introduced, which significantly reduced the number of taxes from 21 in 2004 to just seven the following year.1 The government also introduced an electronic tax‑filing system, which not only made it easier to pay taxes, but also helped reduce corruption opportunities. As a result of these changes, Georgia’s fiscal situation improved. For example, tax revenues—which are an important source of finance for government services—more than doubled, rising from 12% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2003 to 25% in 2008.1
More than 15 years since these first reforms, Georgia continues to make progress in governance, ethical, and social standards. In the 2017 Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) from the World Bank published last year, Georgia achieved its highest ever percentile ranking for controlling corruption, beating most of its emerging markets peers and narrowing the gap with developed countries. In other key governance areas that the World Bank assesses, such as regulatory quality and government effectiveness, Georgia has made similar advancements in recent years, a testament to how successful its reforms have been.
Rules‑Based Fiscal Framework
Another key milestone in Georgia’s reform story is the Economic Liberty Act of 2011. This established a rules‑based fiscal framework with three main elements: a ceiling on state debt, a ceiling on the consolidated budget deficit, and a ceiling on general government expenditures. While this framework reduced fiscal flexibility, it provided a strong anti‑cyclical and institutional anchor to government budgets, and the result has been sustained low fiscal deficits and a stable government debt‑to‑GDP ratio.
Risks Roughly Balanced Ahead
Governance is one of the key areas that we assess when conducting our research. In the case of Georgia, significant progress has been made in terms of controlling corruption and improving the business environment. This, together with Georgia’s strong record of prudent monetary policy based on an inflation targeting regime, is supportive for fundamentals.
Technical factors are also positive as it is unlikely that the Georgian government will issue any more external bonds this year. It is also important to remember that risks , which we are monitoring, are still prevalent. Georgia is a small, open economy that is highly dollarized and vulnerable to external shocks. Geopolitics is also a risk given the unresolved conflict with Russia over two occupied regions.
(Fig. 2) Georgia Narrows Gap With Developed Markets in Terms of Regulatory Quality
Regulatory quality*—Georgia versus small, open developed market economies, 2000 to 2017
As of December 31, 2017
Source: World Bank. Analysis by T. Rowe Price.
* World Bank: Reflects perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.
† A World Bank Indicator that ranges from 2.5 for strong governance performance to -2.5 for weak governance performance.
Georgia at a Glance
Peter Botoucharov, sovereign analyst, explains how Georgia is leading emerging markets peers on governance quality.
- Gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
- Situated in the intersection between Europe and Asia.
- Population of over
- 3.5 million people.1
- Rated Ba2, the same as Croatia and Brazil, by Moody’s Investors Service Inc.2