The September Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting left the lasting impression on most that the conditions for tapering quantitative easing (QE) have been “all but met”¹ and a reduction in purchases “may soon be warranted.”² One could assume that, by themselves, these phrases represent a further hawkish³ shift by the FOMC. Moving past the taper discussion, however, closes a hawkish chapter for the Federal Reserve (Fed). The next chapter was revealed in the summary of economic projections (SEP),⁴ and it is overwhelmingly dovish.⁵

SEP Indicates Dovish Policy Stance for Years

The SEP is much maligned, but it is a highly informative and valuable indicator of the FOMC reaction function. The September SEP indicated an extremely dovish reaction function. The median projections (see charts below) indicate four years of inflation running above target and three years of below 4% unemployment, but the 2024 federal funds rate median (the 2024 “dot”) is only at 1.75%, 0.75% below the long-run, or neutral, rate. That is incredibly dovish!

The medians or “dots” for 2023 and 2024 did move slightly higher, but in revealing the 2024 dot, the FOMC indicated it would be in a highly accommodative stance years after having achieved its objectives. Within any historical context, these projections make no sense—but perhaps this is the new, average inflation targeting framework⁶ in action. The SEP suggests the post-taper period will likely be punctuated by a comeback of average inflation targeting and a re-affirmation of the new framework. The FOMC has taken a first successful step in separating the tapering decision from the tightening decision.

Probabilities of Higher Yields, Steeper Curve Have Increased

What does this mean for U.S. Treasury yields? The taper negotiation, which began in May, was a major component of the summer decline in yields. The market had difficulty processing a net hawkish shift from the FOMC at a time when supply constraints were pushing inflation higher and growth lower. Getting on with the taper resolves the negotiation and has allowed yields to release higher from their summer range. Post-taper, an FOMC showing renewed commitment to the average inflation targeting framework can result in a continuation of the current trend of higher yields and a steeper curve. Somewhat controversially, though, it will not likely be higher inflation but an easing of inflation that leads to higher yields.

Paradox of Lower Inflation Potentially Leading to Higher Yields

At this point in this particular cycle, lower inflation means higher yields, which is the opposite of the typical dynamic. This paradox is present purely because the source of inflation now is shortage-induced, cost-push price pressure. Stubbornly high inflation has taxed growth and led the FOMC into a protracted taper discussion, which raised questions about whether we were in a stagflationary⁷ environment.  

There are many reasons to believe that inflation will remain above 2%, but for this potentially stagflationary environment to recede and allow the FOMC to pursue average inflation targeting, supply side inflation pressure must dissipate. From an expectations standpoint, this is already happening. Expectations for inflation were laughably low earlier this year and have now adjusted much higher. Inflation is not sneaking up on anyone anymore; it has space to ease lower.  

The Next Phase of Monetary Policy

The September FOMC meeting presented a surreptitiously dovish outcome, indicating that the next phase of monetary policy is a renewed commitment to the still relatively new average inflation targeting framework. This framework supports strong future economic outcomes, which can lead a renewed push higher in yields. Stubbornly high inflation must recede to allow this new framework to breathe; while early indications suggest this process has begun, that will be the focus of markets over the coming months.